Increased Outbreak of Pigeon Fever

Pigeon fever in horses is a bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, which leads to abscesses and swelling, most commonly in the chest and abdominal areas. The name "pigeon fever" comes from the swelling in the chest that can resemble a pigeon’s breast. It spreads through flies, open wounds, or contaminated soil, making it more common in dry, dusty conditions. Horses with pigeon fever may develop external abscesses, internal abscesses (in more severe cases), or infection in the limbs known as ulcerative lymphangitis. While many horses recover with proper veterinary care, including draining abscesses and sometimes antibiotics, it can be uncomfortable and may take weeks to fully heal. Good hygiene, fly control, and avoiding shared equipment can help prevent the spread of this disease.

Treating pigeon fever in horses typically involves draining the abscesses, managing pain, and supporting the horse’s immune system as it fights the infection. Once the abscesses are mature—meaning they have fully formed and are soft enough—your veterinarian will usually lance and drain them under sterile conditions to relieve pressure and prevent the abscess from bursting on its own, which could spread bacteria. The area must be cleaned regularly, and drainage should be properly managed to avoid contamination of the environment or other animals. In most cases, antibiotics are not used unless the infection is internal or complications arise, as they can sometimes interfere with the natural draining process of the abscesses. Supportive care, including rest, fly control, and maintaining a clean, dry environment, is also important. Severe or internal cases may require more aggressive treatment and monitoring. Always consult a veterinarian for proper diagnosis and treatment, as early intervention can help reduce the risk of complications.

Pigeon fever is more common in warmer, dry climates, particularly in regions with dusty conditions and heavy fly populations. Areas like the southwestern United States, including California, Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico, report higher numbers of cases, especially during the late summer and fall when temperatures are high and flies are most active. The bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis can survive in dry soil for extended periods, and warm weather promotes both environmental survival of the bacteria and increased fly activity, which helps spread the disease between horses. However, pigeon fever can still occur in cooler or wetter climates, though it tends to be less frequent. Climate, combined with farm management practices and fly control, plays a major role in the likelihood of an outbreak.

To help prevent pigeon fever in horses, good hygiene, fly control, and environmental management are key. Since the bacteria that cause pigeon fever are often spread through flies and contaminated soil or surfaces, minimizing your horse’s exposure to these sources is essential. Using fly sprays, fly masks, and other insect control measures can significantly reduce the chances of transmission. Keeping stalls, paddocks, and equipment clean and disinfected also helps limit bacterial spread. Avoid sharing tack, brushes, or water buckets between horses, especially if one is showing signs of illness. During outbreaks or in high-risk areas, it’s wise to limit your horse’s contact with unfamiliar horses and monitor for any swelling or signs of abscesses. Quarantining new or sick horses can also help prevent the introduction of the disease to a healthy herd. While there’s no vaccine currently available, proactive care and early detection are your best defense against pigeon fever.